Inflammatory diseases of the urinary system
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Classification
Localization
The upper (including the two kidneys and the ureter) and lower (including the bladder, urethra) sections may be affected. The latter option is diagnosed more often.
Features of the flow
There are two types of pathology. Uncomplicated (there is no disruption in the full outflow of urine, there are also no concomitant pathologies and changes in the urinary tract) or complicated. The latter is provoked by any infections that enter the genitourinary system.
In women, pathology can be provoked by two reasons, the presence of atypical microorganisms or a disorder that can be anatomical or functional. This provokes a delay in the outflow of urine, a decrease in immunity.
Types of pathogens
Urogenital infections are conventionally divided into two blocks, which have characteristic differences.
Specific infections are caused by:
- Gonococci. Gram-negative diplococcus, which triggers the inflammatory process. In women, this occurs in the mucous membrane of the urethra, as well as in the cervical canal and the gland of the vestibule of the vagina. In men, it “attacks” only the mucous membrane covering the urethra. Causes the following diseases: urethritis, cystitis, cervicitis, vulvovaginitis, etc.
- Chlamydia. A bacterium that multiplies inside cells. Causes urethritis, cystitis, orchitis, prostatitis. Chlamydia is diagnosed in 20% of STIs
- Trichomonas. A microorganism that triggers an inflammatory process in women, affecting the tissues of the vagina and the epithelium of the cervix. In representatives of the stronger sex, inflammation occurs in the prostate, urethra, testicles
The development of non-specific urogenital infections is explained by the high activity of opportunistic flora. These microorganisms are present in every organism, but in moderate quantities. When creating “favorable” factors and conditions, their number quickly grows and exceeds the permissible norm.
The main pathogens of the genitourinary system include:
- E. coli. Normally found in the rectum. When penetrating the genitourinary system, it provokes cystitis, pyelonephritis
- Staphylococcus. Usually present on the surface of the skin and on the mucous membranes. But in certain situations, it provokes inflammation in the MP
- Klebsiella. Present in the intestinal microflora of every person. When penetrating the urinary tract, it provokes the development of cystitis or pyelonephritis, in men - prostatitis
- Proteus. The microorganism is in the intestine, after entering the genitourinary system, it provokes chronic inflammation
But urological diseases can also be caused by other pathogens.
Causes of urinary system diseases
Inflammation of the urinary tract, such as the kidneys and prostate gland, is possible at any age.
Experts identify a number of triggers that increase the risk of the disease. These include:
- Anomalies or injuries of the urinary system (including those caused by surgical intervention)
- Endocrine disorders
- Immunodeficiency states and disorders that lead to decreased immunity (for example, diabetes)
- Chronic stress
- Bad habits
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- People who have a urinary catheter
- Pathologies that impede the full outflow of urine (prostate adenoma, kidney stones)
- Hypothermia
- Poor personal hygiene
- Chronic constipation
- Pregnancy
In elderly people, diseases are mainly caused by incomplete emptying of the bladder.
Complaints that patients with urological diseases face can be varied. But some of the symptoms are almost always present:
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Enlarged lymph nodes located in the groin
- Nausea (sometimes with vomiting)
- Change in the smell and color of urine, the appearance of a specific sediment
- Loss of appetite
- Burning, pain and discomfort during urination
- Unpleasant sensations in the abdomen, lower back
- Increased temperature
- Discomfort during sex
In addition to the described symptoms, representatives of the stronger sex experience rashes on the penis, swelling of the scrotum. Women may experience intense vaginal discharge, as well as bleeding from the genital tract that is not related to the cycle.
Medical diseases are often asymptomatic. This not only complicates their diagnosis, but also leads to the appearance of chronic infections that are difficult to treat.
General information
Main types of diseases of the genitourinary system
In medical practice, there are:
- Urethritis. Bacterial inflammation, which is accompanied by painful sensations during urination, mucopurulent discharge, darkening of urine. Without appropriate treatment, the infection spreads higher (for example, it can go to the kidneys)
- Cystitis. Affects the walls of the bladder, caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcaceae. Signs of the disease are intense pain during urination, as well as in the groin area, the presence of blood in the urine
- Pyelonephritis. Infectious pathology that develops in the kidneys. The main pathogen is opportunistic microflora, in 90% of diagnosed cases - intestinal. The patient shows signs of intoxication (fever, increased sweating, back pain, frequent urge to urinate)
- Prostatitis. Leads to urinary dysfunction, sexual dysfunction. Accompanied by cloudy urine, pain (in the abdomen, groin and suprapubic areas), fever, hematuria, urine leakage, pain and difficulty with urination
- Vaginitis. Develops when the composition of the microflora is disturbed. Colpitis is also accompanied by a burning sensation in the perineum, discomfort when urinating, white discharge from the genital tract, which has an unpleasant odor
- Asymptomatic bacteriuria. The condition is typical for pregnant women and the elderly. This disease is not accompanied by pronounced symptoms, but is characterized by the presence of pathological microflora in urine samples
If you suspect the development of such diseases, you should consult a urologist. The specialist will prescribe the necessary tests and, based on their results, select the appropriate therapy.
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Specifics of development
Despite the fact that the bladder is structured the same for everyone, there are significant differences in the features of the urinary tract (UT) itself. This determines the specifics of the development of urological pathologies.
The urethra in women is shorter, because of this feature, it is easier for infections to develop further and, for example, move to the bladder. Urethritis, cystitis are more common in women, since bacteria provoke inflammation in these organs. Infection also penetrates the urethra in the absence of proper intimate hygiene or during sexual intercourse.
In men, the urethra is narrow and long, and the urethra passes through the prostate. This unpaired organ is responsible for the production of ejaculate and a special secretion.
Diseases of the genitourinary system in men occur with sexually transmitted infections. When the prostate increases in size, the urethra is compressed, which provokes stagnation of urine and promotes the proliferation of pathogenic microflora.