Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, which can be triggered by various factors. This is an alarming symptom that indicates possible serious health problems. The condition may be severe or have no additional symptoms, remaining invisible to the person.
If there are any changes in the properties, color, smell of urine, the nature of urination, suspicion of a pathology of the urinary tract, you should immediately contact a general practitioner, urologist, nephrologist.
Features, types of pathology
Blood in the urine may be visible to the naked eye, or may be present in very small amounts, and this can only be detected by laboratory tests. However, regardless of the intensity of blood loss, this fact signals an increase in a life-threatening condition.
Two types of hematuria according to intensity:
- Macrohematuria. A large number of red blood cells give a pink, scarlet, brown hue. The condition can be easily seen when urinating, marks on underwear.
- Microhematuria. Urine has a normal yellow tint without features. Traces of blood cells are found in a laboratory study. This species occurs in the vast majority of cases.
By character:
- Functional, non-pathological. This physiological feature can manifest itself against the background of complete health in a person who has undergone excessive stress, hypothermia, a long walking marathon. In children, red blood cells enter the urinary tract through the renal filters due to their immaturity. The physiological state is the result of the Pasternatsky diagnostic test.
- Pathological. Hematuria is associated with diseases of the kidneys, urinary tract, urolithiasis, hematological diseases.
Pathological types are divided into:
- Renal, associated with kidney pathologies.
- Prerenal, which are based on coagulopathy of any origin.
- Postrenal, caused by pathologies, defects in the lower part of the urinary system.
Degrees of hematuria:
- Light, with slightly pink urine. Laboratory examination shows no more than 2-10 red blood cells in the field of view.
- Medium. The color varies from red to dirty burgundy. Red blood cells in the amount of 12 to 50.
- Heavy. Urine is a rich cherry color, similar to meat slops. Erythrocytes - from 50 to a solid field.
Blood in the urine may occur during pregnancy. In the early stages, the condition may be associated with a change in the balance of hormones; in the later stages, a large uterus presses on the nearest structures, often causing compression of the bladder and large blood vessels.
Causes of pathology
Provoking factors by which an admixture of blood cells enters the urinary tract, doctors have more than 150. In each case, it is necessary to establish the exact triggers that trigger the pathological process, so the causes have a structured classification.
Important! Sometimes red urine does not appear due to pathology, but after a certain diet. For example, this is how the use of a large amount of beets, rhubarb, red berries, carbonated drinks, confectionery, colored with artificial dyes is manifested.
Laxatives, aspirin, other medications, and narcotic drugs can lead to the same result
|
Group |
Diseases |
|
Nephropathology |
Pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis. Jade. |
|
Infectious diseases |
Tuberculosis of the urinary organs. Bacterial urethritis. Purulent cystitis. |
|
Tumours |
Benign, malignant neoplasms of any part of the urinary system. |
|
Injuries |
Damage, contusion of the kidney. Injury to the bladder, ureters, urethra, urethra (including after invasive diagnostic manipulations). |
|
Urolithiasis |
The presence of hard, sharp inclusions in the cavities of organs can injure the walls. |
|
Chromosomal, hereditary diseases |
Most often it is renal polycystic |
|
Blood clotting disorder |
Hemophilia. Leukemia. Some types of anemia. |
|
Anomalies of the renal vascular system |
Thrombosis. Clots, aneurysms, pathological vasoconstriction. |
Blood urine can have gender-specific causes, as well as occur in children or the elderly under certain circumstances.
In this regard, doctors identify risk groups according to the appearance of this symptom:
- Blood in the urine of a man allows, first of all, to suspect oncology of the genitourinary system, prostatitis, benign tumors, polyps of the urethra. Often the symptomatology accompanies extreme physical or sports loads, occurs in people doing hard physical work.
- Urine with blood in women is more common due to urethritis, cystitis, bladder endometriosis.
- Blood in the urine of a child is observed with glomerular nephritis, urethral trauma, violation of hygienic care for the perineal area, and inflammatory processes. The disease is often based on a genetic predisposition, chromosomal abnormalities.
- The causes of blood in the urine in the elderly may be infections of the genitourinary system, obstructive phenomena. Blood in the urine of an elderly man is one of the symptoms of prostate cancer.
To establish the exact provoking triggers, the circumstances of the disease, a thorough examination of the patient is necessary. The treatment program will depend on the underlying cause, concomitant diseases, complications.
