Treatment of periodontitis
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There are a number of systemic diseases that lead to periodontal inflammation. These include:
- Diabetes mellitus, which weakens the immune system and slows down the healing process
- Malignant formations that affect the general health and the body’s resistance to infections
- Liver pathologies that negatively affect metabolism and nutrient absorption
- Atherosclerosis, which impedes blood circulation and tissue nutrition
- Endocrine disorders, including thyroid diseases
Symptoms
The clinical picture of gum periodontal disease has its own specific features, which complicates diagnosis. Sometimes periodontal disease is discovered by chance during X-ray diagnostics. The image shows partial atrophy of the alveolar bone that supports the teeth.
In the later stages of the disease, pathological mobility of the teeth develops, which can lead to their loss. Unlike periodontitis, with periodontal disease there is usually no significant pain, bleeding or inflammation in the gums. This is due to the fact that the disease largely affects the bone tissue and ligaments that support the teeth, rather than the gums.
The main clinical signs of periodontal disease include:
- Sensitivity Increased sensitivity of teeth to temperature and mechanical irritants, as well as to chemicals
- Change in color of soft tissues and oral mucosa The gums become paler and lighter, which is a visual sign of poor circulation in the gum tissue.
- Fast Itching in the oral cavity, which indicates a pathological process in the periodontal tissue
- Recession of the gum level and exposure of the roots of the teeth This symptom worsens over time and leads to serious aesthetic and functional problems.
- Change in enamel color As well as the presence of plaque, dark spots and tartar
Why is dental periodontal disease dangerous?
Among the possible complications of gum periodontal disease, dentists identify:
- Periodontitis – inflammation of the tissues surrounding the tooth
- Ulcerative gingivitis - ulcerative lesions of the gums
- Retrograde pulpitis – inflammation of the nerve of the tooth
- Periostitis – inflammation of the periosteum
- Osteomyelitis of the jaw bones is a serious infectious lesion of bone tissue
- Increased load on teeth not affected by periodontal disease, which accelerates their wear
- Limitations in the possibilities of dental prosthetics
- Alveolar pyorrhea - purulent inflammation in the tissues surrounding the teeth
- Digestive problems due to insufficient chewing of food and the penetration of bacteria from the oral cavity into the gastrointestinal tract
- Purulent intoxication of the body
- Inflammation of the lymphatic system (lymphadenitis)
An interesting study was conducted by scientists from the University at Buffalo. They studied the relationship between periodontal disease and cancer. It has been established that damage to periodontal tissue increases the risk of developing breast cancer. This is especially true for women who smoke and those who gave up the bad habit 20 years before diagnosis.
Diagnostics
Diagnosis of periodontal disease begins with a thorough history taking and visual examination of the oral cavity by a dentist. The key stage of the examination is an x-ray examination. They allow the doctor to assess the condition of the jaw bone tissue, the level of its loss, as well as changes in the width of the gaps between the teeth and the boundaries of the dental sockets. These data are necessary to determine the stage of the disease and the degree of damage to the dental system.
For a more detailed assessment of the condition of the gums, the following tests are used:
- Kulazhenko test - allows you to assess the rate of hematoma formation on the mucous membrane
- Bubble test – determines the degree of swelling of soft tissues
In later stages of the disease, additional tests may be required, for example, a complete blood count, leukemia, ESR and blood smear microscopy. These tests allow you to assess the patient’s general health, identify inflammatory processes in the body and determine treatment tactics.
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Why does periodontal disease occur?
The development of periodontal disease is associated with many factors, including both the general state of human health and local characteristics in the oral cavity. The main feature of the disease is its chronic nature and gradual progression.
One of the key reasons for development is the presence of tartar and plaque. These deposits create a favorable environment for bacterial growth. Pathogenic microorganisms gradually accumulate and cause inflammatory processes in the gums that last for a long time.
Improper teeth alignment and increased pressure during eating also contribute to the development of periodontal disease. They significantly increase the load on the gums and jaw bone.
In addition, a lack of vitamins and microelements in the body also contributes to the development of periodontal disease, since these substances are necessary to maintain healthy gums and teeth.
Particular attention should be paid to the effect of cigarettes on the condition of teeth. Smoking not only reduces overall immunity, but also impairs blood supply to the gums, which aggravates the course of periodontal disease.