Diagnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases
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Manifestations of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ)
The main causes of TMJ include:
- Anomalies in dental development
- Psychological factors
- Changed posture
- Injuries
- Improper prosthetics
- Errors in dental treatment
It is important to contact a specialist in a timely manner and not to treat yourself. This will prevent the problem from developing and getting worse. TMJ dysfunction begins with a painless clicking sound in the joint when the jaw moves. This is an early indicator of a problem.
With further development of the disease, additional symptoms appear:
- Pain in the masticatory muscles, felt both locally and in a wider area
- Involuntary clenching of the jaws caused by improper fixation of a removable denture or stress
- Increased muscle tone
- Bruxism, characterized by grinding
- Accelerated fatigue when chewing
In the later stages of the disease, it is painful to chew hard food, pain points form and the tissues become so dense that they are noticeable upon palpation. The jaw shifts when the mouth opens and movements become uneven. In rare cases, the joint may become blocked, limiting the ability to open the mouth completely.
Additional symptoms include headaches and ear congestion. Persistent pain in the parotid region may indicate the development of Costen's syndrome. Clinical examination often reveals malocclusion associated with tooth movement and periodontal overload, manifested by pain when chewing. These symptoms may be caused by improper dentures or a malocclusion.
Recognizing temporomandibular joint dysfunction
To diagnose diseases of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a variety of methods are used, including the main ones:
- X-ray studies. They help identify up to 95% of TMJ problems. It is important to note that orthopantomography may distort images due to incorrect projection
- Panoramic radiography. This method is used to detect various TMJ diseases, however, due to the overlap of the bony structures of the skull, the analysis may be complicated
- Tomographic study. It is more preferable than panoramic radiography, as it reduces image distortion and more accurately determines the condition of the joint
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Leader among soft tissue imaging methods due to high image quality
- Computed tomography. Provides three-dimensional images of the joint, but due to radiation exposure, used with caution
In addition to the basic methods for diagnosing TMJ dysfunction, various graphical and functional approaches are used. Thus, functionography and axiography are key tools for monitoring the movements of the mandible, helping to identify possible anomalies. Electromyography, used to analyze the condition of the masticatory muscles, plays an important role in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. Rheoarthrography, which examines blood circulation in the TMJ area, helps to understand the functional disorders of the joint. Phonoarthrography, which records sounds in the joint, indicates intra-articular problems, while gnathodynamometry, which measures the force of teeth clenching, helps identify painful TMJ dysfunction and differentiate it from other diseases.
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Complications of temporomandibular joint dysfunction
If left untreated, problems with the mandibular joint become chronic. Hidden pain occurs suddenly when the jaw moves incorrectly, for example, while eating or talking.
Over time, the joint wears out, which causes the development of arthrosis and osteoarthritis. These conditions lead to partial or complete loss of function, reducing the chances of recovery.
Among the main complications of temporomandibular joint dysfunction:
Thus, the consequences of inadequate treatment can be serious and long-lasting, including loss of joint function and chronic pain. This emphasizes the importance of timely contact with a specialist and an integrated approach to treatment.