The pituitary gland, parathyroid glands and adrenal glands play a key role in the hormonal regulation of the body. Their pathologies lead to serious disorders of metabolism and the functions of the reproductive system.
Diseases of the parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands are small organs located in the front of the neck. An adult usually has four, but sometimes due to genetic or intrauterine factors (infections, maternal diabetes, autoimmune disorders), their number changes. In rare cases, the parathyroid glands are missing or in the wrong place - for example, in the chest or soft tissue of the neck.
Of all the pathologies of these glands, the most common are:
- Metabolism problems. The accumulation of substances (calcium, iron, amyloid and fat) disrupts the functioning of the gland. This usually results in a decrease in the number of active cells. Against this background, the functioning of the entire body deteriorates.
- Pathological change in size. This occurs due to general exhaustion of the body, aging, or the rapid progression of diabetes. Also, the glands can enlarge due to disruption of the functioning of other organs (in particular, the thyroid gland or adrenal glands).
In some cases, a parathyroid adenoma is diagnosed. This is a benign tumor that actively produces hormones. Its appearance leads to hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which calcium levels in the blood increase.
Definition of parathyroid diseases
To see the structure and condition of the parathyroid glands, doctors refer the patient for an ultrasound. This research method gives a general idea of themselves, their size and location.
Scintigraphy in two stages using iodine and technetril allows you to find out about the activity of the glands. A CT scan of the neck shows the presence of tumors or other pathologies. Angiography helps to visually assess the blood supply to the glands.
If you suspect problems with the parathyroid glands, it is important to consider their effect on the body as a whole. In particular, they affect the condition of the skeletal system. For a detailed diagnosis of bones, radiography or densitometry is prescribed. The kidneys, which are actively involved in the regulation of calcium, are checked using ultrasound, CT and excretory urography.
If abnormalities are detected during the previous stages of diagnosis or if the patient has additional symptoms, he is referred for a comprehensive examination of parathyroid hormones. Additionally, he is prescribed a consultation with a neurologist, cardiologist, ophthalmologist and ENT specialist.
Complex treatment of parathyroid gland disorders
Parathyroid hormone regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Disturbances in its functioning lead to changes in its level in the blood. In women in particular, this is manifested by muscle spasms, weakness and deterioration of the skin and hair. To avoid these and many other problems, it is important to start treatment correctly and in a timely manner.
Surgical correction is required when problems are caused by the presence of space-occupying formations (tumors) in the glands. However, the main goal of treatment is still the correction of hormonal balance. If there is a lack of hormones from these glands, taking calcium and vitamin D supplements is recommended. This helps maintain proper phosphorus-calcium metabolism, which plays an important role for the health of bones and many other body systems. Disorders of the parathyroid glands are often accompanied by cramps and abdominal pain. To cope with these manifestations, the doctor prescribes magnesium sulfate, antispasmodics and sedatives.
Clinical manifestations of adrenal dysfunction
The adrenal glands are small organs responsible for the production of a number of vital hormones. What are the adrenal glands responsible for? They are involved in the regulation of metabolism and help develop “immunity” to stress and inflammatory reactions. Any disruption of their work leads to serious consequences and is manifested by a number of clinical symptoms.
Against the background of excess adrenal function, hypercortisolism develops - the result of excessive secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex. The most well-known manifestations of this condition are associated with Cushing's syndrome. In particular, the symptoms of hypercortisolism include:
- Excessive fat deposition in the upper body.
- The appearance of bruises on the skin.
- Weakening of muscle mass.
- High blood pressure.
- Osteoporosis.
Adrenal insufficiency (hypocortisolism) occurs due to a lack of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. One form of this pathology is Addison's disease. Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency include fatigue and weakness, weight loss, skin pigmentation, low blood pressure and abdominal pain.
Diagnostics of the function and structure of the adrenal glands
At the initial appointment, the endocrinologist analyzes complaints and medical history. Then the doctor prescribes general clinical blood and urine tests. These simple tests provide a basic understanding of the body's health and adrenal function.
To assess the anatomy and identify possible formations in the glands, instrumental diagnostic methods are used:
- Computed tomography. This method is used for a detailed study of the adrenal cortex. For better visualization, a contrast agent is injected.
- MRI. This method is indicated for suspected tumors rich in adipose tissue.
- Ultrasound. The method helps to assess the overall structure of the adrenal glands and the presence of changes in them. Diet adjustments are often required before this study.
During the diagnostic process, it is important to strictly follow the doctor’s recommendations and inform him about all the medications you are taking, as some of them affect the test results.
