Biochemical pregnancy

Biochemical pregnancy is a spontaneous interruption of gestation at the stage of implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall. The essence of the phenomenon is the absence of any visible changes in the woman's body - toxicosis, bleeding, nagging abdominal pain, etc. The fact of a short-term pregnancy can only be confirmed by conducting tests for hormone levels.

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What is a chemical pregnancy?

The process of embryo development in the reproductive organs of a woman begins at the moment of fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and oocyte (egg) and its subsequent implantation into the wall of the uterus. Through the endometrial mucosa, the fertilized egg receives from the mother's body all the nutrients necessary for its further development.

In some cases, gestation is interrupted almost immediately after implantation of the embryo. According to medical terminology, this condition is called preclinical spontaneous miscarriage (PSM). Rejection of the fertilized oocyte occurs in the first 10-14 days after conception. Due to the practical absence of changes in the functioning of the reproductive and endocrine systems, gestation is not diagnosed in any way.

What is a chemical pregnancy?

hCG in biochemical pregnancy

Clinical manifestations of biochemical pregnancy are weak or absent. In most cases, menstruation begins on time or with a slight delay. The fact of conception and spontaneous abortion are not determined by palpation or ultrasound. Preclinical spontaneous miscarriage can only be detected by laboratory analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone begins to be produced by embryological structures (chorion) on the 6-7th day after implantation of the fertilized oocyte into the uterus.

General information

Signs of a biochemical pregnancy

For most women who are not planning a pregnancy, PSP is practically asymptomatic. Minor changes in the woman's body are still present, but do not cause serious discomfort. The clinical manifestations of short-term gestation include:

  • A delay in menstruation for several days
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Heavy menstrual discharge

In about 93% of cases, the above symptoms are weakly expressed, so women do not pay any attention to them. Preclinical spontaneous miscarriage does not indicate the development of pathologies in the reproductive system. According to obstetricians and gynecologists, most women have encountered such a problem personally, but this did not prevent them from subsequently becoming pregnant and bearing a child.

Causes of biochemical pregnancy

The mechanism of development and causes of PSV have not yet been established. According to one hypothesis, embryo rejection occurs when there are failures in the functioning of the endocrine and immune systems.

In most women, with the onset of gestation, the body's reactivity decreases, which is associated with the production of specific protein factors by the embryo. They suppress cellular immunity, which subsequently prevents the rejection of the embryo.

According to the results of long-term observations, preclinical spontaneous miscarriage can be caused by the following reasons:

  • Insufficient production of progesterone
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Blood pathologies (thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia)
  • Immune disorders
  • Dysfunction of the hypothalamic centers
  • Genetic abnormalities of the embryo

According to most reproductive specialists, spontaneous abortion in the early stages of gestation is caused by immunological changes. Most often, PSV occurs in women who have suffered serious diseases - generalized staphylococcal infection, mumps, fungal myometrium, etc.

Biochemical pregnancy after IVF

In vitro fertilization (IVF) does not guarantee a favorable pregnancy. According to statistics, only in 35-40% of cases does embryo transfer lead to its implantation into the uterine wall. In all other cases, preclinical spontaneous miscarriage occurs.

To prevent rejection of the embryo, embryo transfer is performed only after hormonal therapy. The success of the procedure depends on the condition of the endometrium and hormonal levels. The fertilized egg is transferred into the uterus at the moment of maximum increase in the reparative properties of the endometrium.

When using in vitro fertilization for the first time, chorionic gonadotropin is detected in the systemic bloodstream on the 14th day after the procedure. Serum concentration of the hormone depends on the period of implantation and the characteristics of the pregnancy:

  • hCG value below normal – no gestation
  • Hormone concentration at the border of normal – ectopic pregnancy
  • Increased hCG concentration – fetal pathologies or diabetes in the mother

In biochemical pregnancy after IVF, the level of chorionic gonadotropin increases significantly, but when the embryo is rejected, it quickly decreases. There are no signs of gestation, as well as signs of its termination.

Pregnancy after a biochemical pregnancy

Preclinical spontaneous miscarriage is not a manifestation of pathologies that lead to infertility. Biochemical pregnancy does not affect the functioning of the reproductive system and does not reduce the ability to conceive or bear a fetus.

Miscarriage can only be suspected in the case of multiple interruptions in the early stages. Repeated preclinical spontaneous miscarriages may indicate problems in the functioning of the ovaries, thyroid gland and other organs of the reproductive and endocrine systems.

Conclusion

A spontaneous abortion in the early stages of gestation can be caused by autoimmune disorders, blood diseases and genetic abnormalities of the embryo. A biochemical pregnancy does not manifest itself in any way, so most women do not even suspect its occurrence and termination. A single spontaneous miscarriage does not indicate the development of pathologies and does not create obstacles to repeated conception and bearing of the fetus.

Conclusion

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